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Karas A and Andrutis K. Reduction and refinement alternatives in veterinary instruction in the US [abstract]. ALTEX. 2005;22(Special Issue):11

Veterinary medical educators have traditionally used live animal models for instruction in handling, diagnostic and surgical techniques. Animals used in laboratories can experience from very little to a substantial degree of stress and pain. Having recently received enhanced scrutiny from regulatory agencies and criticism from animal protection groups, veterinary medical instructors in the U.S. should be increasingly looking for alternative approaches to animal laboratories. Current alternative methods typically involve cadavers, models and computer simulations. Continuing resistance to adoption of alternative methods results from lack of evidence of the existence and effectiveness of such methods. A systematic approach for reduction and refinement of animal use in training of basic and clinical veterinary skills begins with assessment of the necessary procedural knowledge required. The continuum of training should involve video presentation, model or cadaver demonstration and practice, simulations, and laboratory animal use only when unavoidable. Competency at each step should be assessed and required for progression to the next phase. Veterinary trainees and instructors must also be educated as to the value of using a more humane approach. Outcome assessments should be developed to monitor efficacy of training exercises, improvements in clinical skills, and student and instructor confidence. Additional efforts and resources should be directed to development of more advanced models and simulations in veterinary medicine. Our presentation will outline specific indications, barriers, and benchmarks for alternatives in this field. Implementation of alternative methods for teaching has potential to greatly reduce pain and distress in animals used for veterinary medical instruction.

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